MDCAT 2022 Biology Past Paper MCQs with Answers

1.What does the term bacteriophage refer to? (MDCAT 2022)

1. a virus that infects bacteria
2. a bacterium that infects a virus
3. a virus which behaves as a bacterium
4. a combination of a bacterium and a virion

2.Which of the following viruses contains single stranded DNA? (MDCAT 2022)

1. adenovirus
2. herpes virus
3. parvovirus
4. poxvirus

3.How many tail fibrils are attached to the end plate of a bacteriophage? (MDCAT 2022)

1. 2
2. 4
3. 6
4. 8

4.Viruses usually are limited to specific hosts because: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. They contain either DNA or RNA
2. They contain protein
3. They are specific to cell receptors
4. They are capable to divide with in the host body

5.A virologist who studies viruses in great detail which of the following would he use? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Compound microscope
2. Porcelain filters
3. Electron microscope
4. CT scan machine

6.Which of the following was the first virus to be isolated and studied under the electron microscope: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. HIV
2. Rabies Virus
3. Pox Viruses
4. TMV

7.Which of the following is incorrect about virus? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Viruses are intracellular parasites
2. Viruses cannot attack upon prokaryotes
3. Viruses contain genetic information and have a capsid protein coat
4. Viruses cannot survive without a host

8.The viruses who can attack the bacteria are known as: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Retrovirus
2. Pox virus
3. Bacteriophage
4. Oncovirus

9.Which of the following virus has complex capsid that consists of polyhedral head and helical tall? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Influenza virus
2. Herpes virus
3. Bacteriophage
4. Human Immuno Deficiency virus

10.Poxviruses are: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Double stranded DNA virus
2. Single stranded RNA virus
3. Single stranded DNA virus
4. Protein virus

11.A virus has its genome which is enclosed by a protein coat, called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Spore
2. Capsid
3. Envelope
4. Shell

12.Viruses are able to recognize the host surface by means of their: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Capsid
2. Spikes
3. DNA
4. RNA

13.Which one can be considered as living characteristic of a virus: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Can be crystallized
2. No cellular respiration
3. Mutate their genetic
4. Lack biosynthetic machinery

14.The enzymes integrase, protease and reverse transcriptase are found in which virus? (MDCAT 2022)

1. HIV
2. hepatitis A virus
3. influenza virus
4. poxvirus

15.HIV use the RNA polymerase to make the mRNA in host body, The RNA polymerase is of: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Virus that is synthesized in the same host
2. Host that is synthesized in the its previous generator
3. Host that is synthesized in its current generator
4. Virus that is synthesized in the previous host

16.When HIV attacks upon its host target cell: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Its RNA genome is broken down immediately
2. Its RNA genome is replicated first and then broken down
3. Its RNA genome is converted into viral DNA first and then broken down
4. Its RNA genome immediately causes breakdown

17.Another problem for those studying viral origins and evolution is their high rate of mutation, particularly the case in RNA retroviruses like: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. HIV
2. Bacteriophages
3. Pox viruses
4. HAV

18.The HIV genetic information flows from viral _______, and used to form viral _________. (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. RNA to DNA: RNA and protein
2. DNA to RNA: DNA and protein
3. DNA to RNA : RNA and protein
4. RNA to protein : RNA and protein

19.Reverse transcription, carried out by retroviruses, is the process by which? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. RNA is duplicated
2. DNA is duplicated
3. RNA information is copied into DNA
4. DNA information is copied into RNA

20.Reverse transcriptase of HIV is used in: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Conversion of viral RNA into viral DNA
2. Conversion of viral RNA Into host DNA
3. Conversion of viral DNA into viral RNA
4. Conversion of host DNA Into viral DNA

21.Human Immunodeficiency virus is: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. An enveloped, RNA virus
2. An enveloped, DNA virus
3. A non-enveloped, RNA virus
4. A non-enveloped, DNA virus

22.What is the end product of glucose breakdown by yeast in anaerobic respiration? (MDCAT 2022)

1. ethanol and oxygen
2. ethanol and water
3. ethanol and $\mathrm{CO_2}$
4. lactic acid and $\mathrm{CO_2}$

23.Each carrier in the electron transport chain is first ______ and then ______. (MDCAT 2022)

1. broken down, regenerated
2. generated, broken down
3. oxidized, reduced
4. reduced, oxidized

24.The electron transport chain explains: (MDCAT 2022)

1. photophosphorylation
2. the Z-scheme
3. photolysis
4. the mechanism of ATP synthesis

25.Which of the following is NOT a consequence of anaerobic respiration in human muscle cells? (MDCAT 2022)

1. cramps
2. high consumption of energy
3. pain
4. tiredness

26.Metabolism is about _____. (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. All chemical reactions taking place in a cell
2. All chemical reactions in prokaryotic bodies
3. All chemical reactions In eukaryotic bodies
4. All chemical reactions in an industry

27.The end products of aerobic respiration are: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Sugar and oxygen
2. Water and energy
3. Carbon dioxide, water, and energy
4. Carbon dioxide and energy

28.The prime function of ATP is to: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Act as a catalyst
2. describe the function of a cell
3. Act as a template for protein synthesis
4. Act as an energy currency

29.The quantitative study of energy relationships in a biological system is called? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Bioenergetics
2. Biochemistry
3. Biotechnology
4. Biophysics

30.Oxidative phosphorylation during the respiratory electron transport chain requires: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. NAD+ as oxidising agent
2. NADP+ as oxidising agent
3. Molecular oxygen
4. Light energy

31.How many phosphate groups are present in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

32.In glycolysis, the conversion of Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate involves: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Phosphorylation
2. Oxidation
3. Isomerization
4. Reduction

33.Which of the following chemical activity is involved in the conversion of pyruvate into acetaldehyde during anaerobic respiration? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Reduction
2. Decarboxylation
3. Oxidation
4. Phosphorylation

34.Which of the following releases 7.3 kCal energy when terminal phosphate is lost? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. NADP
2. ADP
3. ATP
4. FAD

35.To reduce one molecule of O2, _ _ _ electron(s) must be passed through the electron transport chain and _ _ _ molecule(s) of NADH ls(are) oxidized (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 1:1
2. 4:4
3. 1:2
4. 4:2

36.Which of the following is the correct path of alcoholic fermentation? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Glycolysis –> Reduction
2. Glycolysis –> Reduction –> Decarboxylation
3. Glycolysis –> Decarboxylation –> Reduction
4. Glycolysis –> Link reaction –> Kreb cycle –> ETC

37.The initial process of breaking down glucose is called (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Reduction
2. Glycolysis
3. Chemiosmosis
4. Oxidation

38.What is the net gain of ATP In glycolyslis, if it occurs during anaerobic respiration? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 2 ATP/glucose molecule
2. 4 ATP/glucose molecule
3. 6 ATP/glucose molecule
4. 8 ATP/glucose molecule

39.Which respiration is directly involved in the production of energy, necessary for all living activities? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Organismic
2. Cellular
3. Breathing
4. External respiration

40.One ATP molecule contains 1% of total energy of glucose. In anaerobic reactions how much energy of glucose is released as ATP: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 1%
2. 2%
3. 36%
4. 38%

41.In aerobic respiration, chemiosmosis occurs during : (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Electron transport chain
2. Photophosphorylation
3. Glycolysis
4. Kreb's cycle

42.Which of the following is the final electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. NADP+
2. Molecular oxygen
3. PS-I
4. PS-II

43.oxygen is available, the complete breakdown of glucose produces ----- ATP molecules in prokaryotes: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. 20
2. 36
3. 38
4. 40

44.Hydrolysis is the reverse of which process? (MDCAT 2022)

1. condensation
2. oxidation
3. reduction
4. hydrogenation

45.Which of the following is the most abundant organic molecule in the human body? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Enzymes
2. Lipids
3. Water
4. Proteins

46.All organic biomolecules contain: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Iron and oxygen
2. Carbon and hydrogen
3. Carbon and nitrogen
4. Carbon and Sulphur

47.Hydrolysis is the breakdown of polymer into its monomers by the addition of: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Hydroxyl group
2. Hydrogen
3. Water
4. Nitrogen

48.Human bone cells contain what percentage of water? (MDCAT 2022)

1. 20
2. 40
3. 85
4. 90

49.Due to its high heat of vaporization water plays important role in living organism as: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Being an excellent solvent
2. Cooling agent
3. Membrane stabilizer
4. Thermal shock resistor

50.Which one of the following is a polymer of alpha-d glucose? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cellulose
2. Glycogen
3. Insulin
4. Chitin

51.Which of the following is true about glucose and fructose? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Have the same structural formula
2. Have different molecular formula
3. They are building blocks of sucrose
4. They are aldohexoses

52.Which of the following is a respiratory fuel? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Sucrose
2. Glucose
3. Galactose
4. Mannose

53.When alpha glucose is condensed with beta fructose, which of the following can be produced? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Maltose
2. Lactose
3. Water
4. Peptide Bond

54.Dietary fibers are (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cellulose
2. Glycogen
3. Starch
4. Proteoglycans

55.Glucose and Ribose form ring structures when: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. React with an appropriate enzyme
2. Dissolved in water
3. Immersed in oil
4. They are in crystalline state

56.At least, how many carbon atoms must be found in an amylose starch? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 7
2. 66
3. 70
4. Many thousands

57.The temporary storage of energy in the human body is: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cellulose
2. Glycogen
3. ATP
4. Fats

58.Cellulose is _____ (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. hexose polysaccharlde
2. heptose polysaccharlde
3. heteropolysaccharlde
4. pentosepolysaccharlde

59.Amylopectin is ______ and insoluble in ______ (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. branched sugar, water
2. unbranched sugar, ethanol
3. branched sugar, cold water
4. unbranched sugar, hot water

60.Reducing sugar among the following is: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. galactose
2. gluconic acid
3. glycogen
4. sucrose

61.Maximum how many carbon atoms does an oligosaccharide contain? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 3
2. 7
3. 70
4. Many thousands

62.Which of the following is milk sugar? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Sucrose
2. Lactose
3. Maltose
4. Starch

63.Which of the following is not a carbohydrate: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Glucose (C6H12O6)
2. Sucrose (C12H22O11)
3. Rhamnose (C6H12O5)
4. Lactic acid (C2H4O2)

64.Which of the following molecules would yield glucose and fructose on hydrolysis? (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Starch
2. Maltose
3. Sucrose
4. Lactose

65.The unique three-dimensional shape of a fully folded polypeptide constitutes its: (MDCAT 2022)

1. primary structure
2. secondary structure
3. tertiary structure
4. quaternary structure

66.Insulin consists of two polypeptides containing 21 amino acids and 30 amino acids each. How many peptide bonds does the insuline contain? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 51
2. 50
3. 49
4. 2

67.If an α-helix of a polypeptide consist of 360 amino acids, how many turns does the helix contain? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 3.6 turns
2. 100 turns
3. 360 turns
4. The number of turns can not be determind

68.The R-group in glycine consists of: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. A Hydrogen atom
2. Methyl group
3. Amino group
4. Carboxylic acid group

69.The globular structure of enzymes shows: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Primary structure of protein
2. Secondary structure of protein
3. Tertiary structure of protein
4. That it's an organic catalysis

70.Which of the following is an example of a globular protein? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Keratin
2. An enzyme
3. Fibrinogen
4. Collagen

71.The R group of an amino acid represents: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. a hydrogen atom
2. A hydrocarbon
3. an additional atom or group of atoms
4. a methyl group

72.The osmotic pressure of blood Is maintained by: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Membrane proteins
2. Fibrous proteins
3. Plasma proteins
4. Myosln

73.The tertiary structure of protein indicates its: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Chemical function
2. Biological function
3. Physical appereance
4. characterstics

74.When two amino acids such as glycine and alanine are variously arranged to make dipeptides. How many different dipeptide combinations can be produced? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

75.Hydrogen bonding produces a regular coiled arrangement in proteins called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. α-hellx
2. β-hellx
3. Tertiary conformation
4. Quaternary structure

76.Which of the following Is correct about globular proteins? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Insoluble In water
2. Elastic in nature
3. Can be crystalized
4. their final structure is secondary

77.Plasma proteins are synthesized In: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Gall bladder
2. Liver
3. Spleen
4. Skin

78.Which of the following bonds maintain the primary structure of a protein (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Hydrogen bonds
2. Peptide bonds
3. Disulphide bonds
4. Hydrophobic Interaction

79.Which of the following molecule contains amino acid?: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Cellulose
2. Collagen
3. Sucrose
4. Ascorbic acid

80.Butyric acid is a ______ carbon fatty acid. (MDCAT 2022)

1. 4
2. 6
3. 12
4. 3

81.How many fatty acid molecules does an acylglycerol contain at minimum? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

82.The palmitic acid melts at _____ (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 8 C
2. 72 C
3. 63.1 C
4. 7 C

83.Cholesterol is not present in ________ (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. milk
2. egg white
3. egg yolk
4. fish

84.Which is a steroid hormone? (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Cortisone
2. Adrenaline
3. Insulin
4. Thyroxin

85.Which of the following is a conjugated molecule? (MDCAT 2022)

1. glycoproteins
2. amino acids
3. vitamins
4. monosaccharides

86.Which of the following is the best alternative term for ATP? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Ribonucleotide triphosphate
2. Ribonucleotide
3. Nucleoside triphosphate
4. Nucleotide

87.If an mRNA consists of 150 nucleotides, how many amino acids would be present in the polypeptide which is encoded by this mRNA? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 50
2. 100
3. 150
4. 300

88.DNA stores biological information in discrete units termed: (MDCAT 2022)

1. genes
2. phenotypes
3. karyotypes
4. cells

89.It is the basic unit of biological information: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Trait
2. Gene
3. Genotype
4. Phenotype

90.The genetic Information for a specific character Is determined by (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Genome
2. Transcription
3. Gene
4. Trait

91.The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient is: (MDCAT 2022)

1. passive transport
2. active transport
3. facilitated diffusion
4. filtration

92.What is incorrect about plasma membranes? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. They are involved in maintaining gradients between different compartments
2. They are involved In cell communication
3. They are Involved in the exchange of materials
4. They initiate nuclear division

93.The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a semi-permeable membrane is referred to: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Active transport
2. Osmosis
3. Diffusion
4. Photosynthesis

94.What is the difference between facilitated transport and passive transport? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. All facilitated transport is passive
2. All passive transport is facilitated
3. Facilitated transport requires membrane proteins
4. Passive transport is downhill whereas facilitated transport Is uphill

95.The protoplast of a plant cell does not include: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cell wall
2. Cell membrane
3. Vacuoles
4. Nucleus

96.Carbon dioxide passes through the plasma membrane of cells by: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Active transport
2. Phagocytosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
4. Simple diffusion

97.Glycoproteins and glycolipids are present: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
2. On the outer surface of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
3. On the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
4. As the bilayer in plasma membrane

98.Which interactions are responsible for the formation of lipid bilayer In the watery environment of the body? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Hydrophobic interactions between fatty acid tails
2. Hydrophobic Interactions between phosphate heads
3. Hydrophilic Interactions between fatty acid tails
4. Hydrogen bonding between fatty acid tails

99.Which of the following is responsible for giving finnesse and box-like shape to plant cells? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cell wall
2. Cell wall and vacuole
3. Nucleus and vacuole
4. Cell membrane

100.Which one of the following can easily pass through plasma membrane (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Fat soluble substances
2. Protiens
3. Highly charged materials
4. polysacchrides

101.Which of the following is correct for the cell wall: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Semi-permeable
2. Differentially permeable
3. Permeable
4. Not permeable

102.Cell membrane also contain through which movement of materials take place by active and passive transport: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Lipid
2. Corner
3. Charge pores
4. Carbohydrates

103.The part of plasma membrane controls the fluidity of the membrane: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Glycoprotein
2. Carrier protein
3. Lipid
4. Carbohydrates

104.The structure formed by the invagination of the plasma membrane and involved in cell division and DNA replication of the prokaryotic cell is the: (MDCAT 2022)

1. lysosome
2. mesosome
3. Golgi body
4. paragon

105.The cell wall of bacteria is made up of: (MDCAT 2022)

1. chitin
2. murein
3. cellulose
4. hemicellulose

106.Which of the following is a prokaryote? (MDCAT 2022)

1. Protista
2. E. coli
3. Amoeba
4. Fungi

107.How many layers are there in a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall? (MDCAT 2022)

1. one
2. two
3. three
4. four

108.For sterilization purpose, generally X-rays are used in which cause: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Mutation in bacterial genome
2. Denaturation of bacterial proteins
3. Inactivation of bacteria
4. Bacteria to become pathogen

109.A bacterial cell envelope does not include: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Slime
2. Inner Membrane
3. Cell wall
4. Outer membrane

110.Photosythetic bacteria have the ability to release: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Sulphur
2. Oxygen
3. Hydrogen
4. Carbon dioxide

111.A periplasmic space is: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. The space between outer membrane and peptidoglycan layer of cell wall
2. The space between cell membrane and cell wall
3. The space within the cell
4. The space between phospholipld bilayer

112.Which of the following provides resistance against high temperature? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cysts
2. Spores
3. Cell wall
4. Capsules

113.Protein factories in prokaryotic cells are: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Mesosomes
2. Ribosomes
3. Plasmids
4. Nucleotides

114.Which of the following structures provide resistance against some antibiotics such as beta lactam? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Gram negative cell wall
2. Spores
3. Slime
4. Capsules

115.During the sterilization process, in order to control pathogens, we use dry heat that causes? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Oxidation of bacterial compounds
2. Coagulation of bacterial proteins
3. Separate the bacteria from their media
4. Decrease in bacterial growth

116.Which of the following are circular, double stranded DNA molecules present in some bacterial cells? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Nucleiod
2. Plasmids
3. Mesosomes
4. Chromosomes

117.A very delicate surrounding structure that may result in the death of the bacterium if damaged is called : (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Capsule
2. Flagella
3. Cell membrane
4. Cell wall

118.A major component of bacterial cell walls: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Teichoicacid
2. Cartenoid
3. Chitin
4. Murein

119.Nitrifying bacteria belong to following group : (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Chemosynthetic
2. Photosynthetic
3. Parasitic
4. Pathogenic

120.The chemical substances that are used to inhibit the growth of micro organism on living surfaces, are called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Disinfectants
2. Chemotherapeutics
3. Vaccines
4. Antiseptics

121.Which of the following bacteria are also called recyclers of nature? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Pathogenic bacteria
2. Parasitic bacteria
3. Photosynthetic bacteria
4. Saprotrophic bacteria

122.A chemical which is applied on non living surface in order to control bacteria Is called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Disinfectants
2. Antiseptic
3. Vaccines
4. Antibiotics

123.Which of the following Is true about staphylococcus? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. It is chain of spherical bacteria
2. It is bunch of spherical bacteria
3. It is square of spherical bacteria
4. It is cube of spherical bacteria

124.Which of the following are single membrane bound organelles? (MDCAT 2022)

1. mitochondria and ribosomes
2. cytosol, mitochondria and ribosomes
3. Golgi bodies, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
4. Golgi bodies, lysosomes and mitochondria

125.Digestive vacuoles and autophagosomes are also known as: (MDCAT 2022)

1. phagocytosis
2. primary lysosomes
3. secondary lysosomes
4. peroxisomes

126.Lysosomes originate from which cell organelle? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Cell membrane

127.Which organelle synthesizes proteins for export or repackaging elsewhere? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulom
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. Free ribosomes
4. Golgi complex

128.Which of these cell organelles are involved in the synthesis of new plant cell walls? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi complex
4. Cell membrane

129.In a eukaryotic cell, where are the proteins for electron transport chain located? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2. Rough endoplasmic reticul•rn
3. Mitochondria
4. Cell membrane

130.ATP synthase is located on the ____ of the mitochondrion: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Intermembranal space
2. Outer membrane
3. Matrix
4. Inner membrane

131.Lysosomes originate from which cellular organelle? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Cell membrane

132.Golgi complex was discovered by which scientist? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Robert Brown
2. Camillo Golgi
3. De Duve
4. Robert Hooke

133.Which cell organelle is incorrectly matched with its function? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Chloroplast – carbon fixation
2. Mitochondria – ATP synthesis
3. Cell membrane – cell recognition
4. Golgi apparatus – intracellular digestion

134.Which of the following Is the system of elongated sac like structures (cisternae) or tubes linking the cell surface membrane and the nuclear envelope? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Microtubules
2. Endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi complex
4. Microfilaments

135.Which organelle would be more abundant in the se-cretory cell than the non-secretory cell: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Lysosome
2. Golgi complex
3. Vacuole
4. Centrioles

136.The structure which disappeared during cell division is: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Vacuole
2. Lysosome
3. Nucleus
4. Endoplasmic reticulum

137.The enzyme ATP synthase is located on the mem-brane of the organelle: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Lysosome
4. Vacuole

138.------ are spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane and containing hydrolytic enzymes: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Mitochondria
2. Golgi bodies
3. Lysosome
4. Chloroplast

139.Within the nucleus ------ are made by the nucleolus: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Ribosomes
2. mRNA
3. Protein
4. Enzymes

140.A group of ribosomes attached to mRNA is known as a polysome and the attachment is controlled by: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Na+ ions
2. Mg++ ions
3. Ca++ ions
4. K+ ions

141.Which of the following number of chromosomes are present in the somatic cells of Drosophila? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 4
2. 8
3. 16
4. 2

142.Which of the following is the number of chromosomes in human zygote? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. n
2. 2n
3. 3n
4. 4n

143.Except during nuclear division, the nucleus has the chromosome in a loosely coiled state known as: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Genes
2. Ribosomes
3. DNA
4. Chromatin

144.The terminal ends of the chromosomes are called: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Satellite
2. Kinetochore
3. Nucleolar organizer
4. Telomere

145.The blind spot in the eye is so-called due to the absence of which of the following? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Rods only
2. Cones only
3. Rods and cones
4. Retina

146.The photosensitive cells present in the retina that are sensitive to dim light are called? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Optical disc
2. Rods
3. Cones
4. Ligaments

147.The disorder which is caused when cones cannot distinguish between different colors is called? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Short sighted vision disorder
2. Night blindness
3. Long sighted vision disorder
4. Color blindness

148.Touch receptors are (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Paccinian's corpuscles
2. Olfactory receptors
3. Miessner's corpuscles
4. Nociceptors

149.The neurotransmitter active outside the central nervous system is: (MDCAT 2022)

1. acetylcholine
2. dopamine
3. serotonin
4. endorphin

150.In which part of the nervous system will you find Schwann cells? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. CentraI nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system
3. Limbic system
4. Sympathetic nervous system

151.Neurilemma cells are also known as? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Photoreceptors
2. Odontoblasts
3. Ganglion
4. Schwann cells

152.Which of these compounds generates a feeling of well-being and inhibits the sensation of pain? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cortisol
2. Adrenaline
3. Endorphin
4. Dopamine

153.Which of the following types of neurons has a single long dendron? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Sensory neuron
2. Associative neuron
3. Motor neuron
4. Interneuron

154.The components of coordinated action (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Stimulus and receptor
2. Coordinator and effectors
3. Response
4. Receptors, neurons & effectors

155.What is the change in the resting potential when a neuron fires a nerve impulse? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. It becomes more negative moving from the cell body to the axon
2. It becomes more positive moving from the cell body to the axon
3. It becomes more negative moving from the axon to the cell body
4. It becomes more positive moving from the axon to the cell body

156.When a neuron’s membrane potentials is between – 70 mV and – 90 mV, it is said to be In a state of: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Depolarization
2. hyperpolarization
3. repolarization
4. No polarization

157.An automatic, involuntary response to any change, external or internal is called: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Reflex
2. Instinct
3. Taxis
4. Tropism

158.Resting membrane potential measures: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. -70 mv
2. -70 Volt
3. 70 mv
4. -90 mv

159.The gap between neurons at a synapse is: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Synaptic knob
2. Synaptic cleft
3. Synaptic delay
4. Synaptic vesicle

160.A long extension of a nerve cell is called: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Axon
2. Auxin
3. Schwann cell
4. Dendrites

161.The molecules responsible for conveying messages from one neuron to the next are called: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Hormones
2. Activators
3. Neurotransmitters
4. Enzymes

162.The middle layer of the meninges is the: (MDCAT 2022)

1. arachnoid mater
2. pia mater
3. dura mater
4. perimysium

163.The part of the brain which coordinates motions and maintains body position is the: (MDCAT 2022)

1. cerebellum
2. cerebrum
3. pons
4. medulla oblongata

164.The relay center between various parts of the brain and the spinal cord is called? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Hypothalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Midbrain
4. Hindbrain

165.Which of the following are collectively called the brain stem? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain
2. Cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata
3. Thalamus, hypothalamus and medulla
4. Medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

166.The reflexes such as vomiting, coughing, and sneezing are controlled by which of the following (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Pons
2. Cerebrum
3. Cerebellum
4. Medulla oblongata

167.Which of the following is second largest part of the brain? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cerebellum
2. Cerebrum
3. Hypothalamus
4. Thalamus

168.The anterior part of cerebral hemisphere located in the cerebrum is classified as (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Ganglion bulbs
2. Axon bulbs
3. Dendrite bulbs
4. Olfactory bulbs

169.An activated enzyme consisting of a polypeptide chain and a cofactor is called? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Apoenzyme
2. Holoenzyme
3. Conjugated enzyme
4. Hybrid enzyme

170.All enzymes are composed of: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Triglycerides
2. Amino acids
3. Monosaccharides
4. Phospholipids

171.A non-protein chemical compound which is required for enzyme’s catalytic activity is? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Substrate
2. Co-factor
3. DNA
4. RNA

172.Catalysts that increase the rate of biological chemical reaction are called? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. proteins
2. vitamins
3. enzymes
4. minerals

173.Enzymes lower the energy of the transition state of a metabolic reaction by: (MDCAT 2022)

1. changing the substrate into a product directly
2. distorting the molecules bound in the active site
3. binding the fatty acids in the active site
4. raising the temperature of the medium

174.Catalytic activity of an enzyme is restricted to its: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Active site
2. Catalytic site
3. Binding site
4. Allosteric site

175.The energy required in order to start a reaction is (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Startup energy
2. Initial energy
3. point energy
4. Activation energy

176.What does the active site of the enzyme do? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Looks like a lump projection from the surface of an enzyme
2. Forms no chemical bond with substrate
3. Never changes
4. The specificity of an enzyme is determined by its structure

177.An enzyme can: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Maintain the biochemical reaction
2. Decrease the biochemical reaction
3. Lower the need of activation energy
4. Be the substitute of activation energy

178.What is correct about the active site of the enzyme? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. it detaches itself from the product after catalysis
2. It's shape is complementary to the substrate
3. It Is Involved in feedback inhibition
4. It Is Involved In irreversible, non-competitive Inhibition

179.Which of the following part of enzyme recognize the substrate? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Binding site
2. Active site
3. Catalytic site
4. Overall structure of an enzyme

180.The enzyme substrate complex is formed in which part of the enzyme molecule? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Binding site
2. Allosteric site
3. Catalytic site
4. On all over the surface of enzyme

181.What is the best physiological pH for the working of most of the cellular enzymes of humans? (MDCAT 2022)

1. 2-3
2. 3-5
3. 6-8
4. 8-10

182.The rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Can be reduced by inhibitors
2. Is constant under all conditions
3. Cannot be measured
4. Has no relation with substrate concentration

183.What is meant by enzyme denaturation? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. An enzyme begin to catalyze reverse reaction
2. The enzyme loses its three dimensional structure
3. Enzyme stops its activity temporarily
4. Enzyme becomes apoenzyme

184.What happens when an enzyme gets denatured by extreme pH? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Its amino acids are ionized
2. Its number of amino acids Is changed
3. Its Tertiary structure gets disrupted.
4. It temporarily stops its activation

185.Which of the following is the optimum temperature for all enzymes to work in body? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 0oC
2. 15oC
3. 25°C
4. 370C

186.Optimum pH for salivary amylase Is: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 2
2. 6.8
3. 7.6
4. 9

187.Which enzyme works in alkaline pH? (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Pepsin
2. Sucrose
3. Enterokinase
4. Pancreatic lipase

188.Considering enzyme action minimum temperature is the term used when: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Enzymes start denaturing
2. Enzyme becomes hyperactive
3. Enzyme work at their best
4. Inactive enzyme getting reactivated

189.Competitive inhibitors compete with the: (MDCAT 2022)

1. substrate
2. enzyme
3. product
4. coenzyme

190.Inhibitors which block the enzyme by forming weak bonds are called? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Competitive inhibitors
2. Non-competitive inhibitors
3. Irreversible Inhibitors
4. Reversible inhibitors

191.lnhibiting enzymatic activity by blocking its active site is: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Competitive inhibition
2. Non-competitive inhibition
3. Feedback inhibition
4. Allosteric inhibition

192.Which of the following react with enzyme at other than active site? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Activator
2. Coenzymes
3. Non-Competitive Inhibitor
4. End-Product Inhibitor

193.Which of the following may attach on active site of an enzyme? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Products
2. Coenzyme
3. Activator
4. Inhibitor

194.In non-competitive inhibition, the extent of inhibition depends only on? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Concentration of enzyme
2. Concentration of substrate
3. Concentration of ES complex
4. Concentration of Inhibitor

195.Which option is correct about non-competitive inhibition: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Malonate act as inhibitor
2. Enzyme shape distorted
3. Competition for active site
4. Inactive enzyme getting reactivated

196.For an evolutionary process to occur, which of the following is NOT a geographical barrier? (MDCAT 2022)

1. ocean
2. river
3. mountains
4. atmosphere

197.According to the biogenetic law of Ernst Haeckel: (MDCAT 2022)

1. there is survival of the fittest
2. there is use and disuse of organs
3. phylogeny recapitulates ontogeny
4. ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

198.A group of individuals that have the potential to interbreed in nature is: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Genus
2. Species
3. Population
4. Community

199.According to the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population’s gene pool remain: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. unaffected by environmental factors
2. Dynamic unless acted upon by agents other than recombination
3. static unless acted upon by agents other than recombination
4. Constant in the absence of other evolutionary influences

200.Which of the following is the major souce of variation in the origin of new species? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Migration
2. Mutation
3. Selection
4. Genetic drift

201.The variations in indiviuals that lead to evolution are because of differences in: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. genes
2. anatomy
3. physiology
4. .Acquired characters

202.The origin of new species from already existing species over a period of time Is called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. adaptation
2. Evolution
3. Neo.Darwinsm
4. Special creation

203.Evolution is the process that demostrates: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. how characters are passed from one generation to the next
2. How organisms perform their activities in different environment
3. How new species originate from existing species
4. How new species are formed specially and specifically by the nature

204.Which of the following shows significant effect of Genetic drift ? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Animal population
2. Plant population
3. Large population .
4. Small population

205.A group of organisms with similar morphology and physiology, which can breed together to produce fertile offspring is called: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Species
2. Domain
3. Kingdom
4. diversity

206.Adaptations that an organism acquires by its own actions during its life span, without modifying its genome, are: (MDCAT 2022)

1. heritable
2. non-heritable
3. able to be made heritable through some modification
4. sometimes heritable and other times non-heritable

207.Which of the following was proposed by Lamarck in his theory? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Overproduction
2. Struggle for existence
3. Natural selection
4. Use and disuse of organs

208.Most likely people who perform tough manual work can develop (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. thick subcutaneous fat in their palms
2. greater quantity of melanin all over the body.
3. Strong calf muscles
4. certain aquired characters

209.The finches of the Galapagos Islands resemble species living on the: (MDCAT 2022)

1. northern Europe
2. Great Britain
3. North American mainland
4. South American mainland

210.Survival of the fittest depends upon: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Acquired characters of the organisms
2. Genetic drift
3. Depends in part on the hereditary consulation of the surviving individuals
4. Natural catastrophes

211.In terrestrial vertebrates, the gill slits are modified to form: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Ear muscles
2. Eustachian tube
3. Larynx
4. Lungs

212.According to Darwin, a diverse life-form could arise from: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Common ancestor
2. Random mutation
3. The process of special creation
4. Inheritance of aquired characters

213.Descent with modification means: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. All organisms show resemblance
2. Organisms do not show resemblances
3. The organisms show resemblances but later change
4. The organisms do not show resemblances but later become alike

214.Darwin belived that: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Natural selection and adaptations are closely related
2. Natural selection and special creation are closely related processes
3. Use and disuse of organs and inheritance of acquired characteristics are closely related processes
4. Evolution and mutation are closely related processes

215.Which of these is a vestigial organ in whale? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Flipers
2. Fins
3. Lungs
4. Pelvis and leg bones

216.Homologous organs indicate the: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Convergent evolution
2. Divergent evolution
3. Co-evolution
4. Artificial selection

217.According to Darwin, the most critical factor for evolution Is: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Migration
2. Mutation
3. Natural selection
4. Genetic drift

218.Each human testis is divided into: (MDCAT 2022)

1. 50-100 lobules
2. 100-200 lobules
3. 200-300 lobules
4. 250-300 lobules

219.Which cells in the human male are responsible for the release of testosterone? (MDCAT 2022)

1. pituitary gland cells
2. Leydig cells
3. Sertoli cells
4. spermatogonia

220.The fertilized ovum is implanted and undergoes further development in the: (MDCAT 2022)

1. uterus
2. ovary
3. oviduct
4. cervix

221.During birth, which of following acts as a birth canal? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Oviduct
2. Ovary
3. Uterus
4. Vagina

222.Which of the following part of the male reproductive system is located outside the testes? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Epididymis
3. Efferent ducts
4. Urinogenital duct

223.Which cells synthesize testosterone? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Adrenal medulla of adrenal glands
2. Adrenal cortex of adrenal glands
3. Interstitial cells of testis
4. Graffian follicle

224.The second meiotic division in oocyte is completed during? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. When ovum is discharged from the ovary
2. Just before fertilization
3. Before the onset of menstruation
4. When the oocyte is fertilized by sperm

225.Where are Sertoli cells present in the male reproductive system? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. In germinal epithelium
2. In seminiferous tubules
3. In seminal vesicle
4. In prostate gland

226.An egg is fertilized in a laboratory and implanted in uterus for development. Which of the following term is related to this procedure: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Leutinizatioin
2. Menopause
3. In vitro fertilisation
4. Incubation

227.Which of the following is haploid cell? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Spermatogonia stem cell
2. Spermatogonium
3. Primary spermatocyte
4. Secondary spermatocyte

228.Which of the following is included in male (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cervix
2. Seminepherous tubules
3. Corpus luteum
4. Graafian follicle

229.Which of the following is a hormone produced by the testes? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Progesterone
2. Estrogen
3. Testosterone
4. Interstitial cell stimulating hormone

230.If the sperms are too weak to fertilize the egg in oviduct, which of the following procedure can be used to overcome this problem of infertility? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. In vitro fertilization
2. Incubation
3. Hatching
4. Amniocentesis

231.Which one of the following occurs at puberty in boys? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Ovulation
2. Pubic hair growth
3. Hips broaden
4. Menarche

232.Which of the following is the part of male reproductive system? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cervix
2. Leydig cells
3. Myometrium
4. Corpus luteum

233.The uterus of the female reproductive system opens up to the? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Placenta
2. Ovary
3. Cervix
4. Oviduct

234.What Is the function of the fluid secreted by Sertoli cells? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Stimulate spermatogenesis
2. Stimulates secondary sexual dveleopment
3. Provides nourishment to sperms
4. Inhibits spermatogenesis

235.Where does fertilization occur in human body? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Ovary
2. Uterus
3. Fallopian Tube
4. Vagina

236.In reproduction, semen refers to which of the following? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Fluid and sperms
2. Blood cells and plasma
3. Blood and sperms
4. Egg and sperms

237.The union of meiotically produced specialized sex cells from each parents produce? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Corpus luteum
2. Embryo
3. Zygote
4. Neuroglial cells

238.Which of the following part of sperm cell penetrates into the ovum during fertilization? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cytoplasm
2. Nucleus
3. Acrosome
4. Mitochondria

239.In the male reproductive system, the hormone involved in the regulation of the rate of spermatogenesis is called: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Luteinizing hormone
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone
3. Testosterone
4. Inhibin

240.Cervix is the part of: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Vagina
2. Oviduct
3. Uterus
4. Ovary

241.Luteinizing hormone is maximum in the blood during which stage of the ovarian cycle? (MDCAT 2022)

1. menstrual phase
2. proliferative phase
3. ovulation
4. secretory phase

242.Nutrition to the developing egg in an ovary is provided by which of the following? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Germ cells
2. Egg mother cells
3. Follicular cells
4. Endometrial cells

243.The human menstrual cycle generally repeats after how many days? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 20 days
2. 28 days
3. 10 days
4. 40 days

244.When puberty is achieved in girls, which one of the following occurs in them but not in boys? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Excessive growth of hairs on skin
2. Pubic hair growth
3. Menarche
4. Heaviness of voice

245.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pitutary gland
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid gland

246.The release of ovum from ovary is called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Lactation
2. Ovulation
3. Placentation
4. Menstruation

247.Proliferative phase is also termed as: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Secretory phase
2. Menstruations phase
3. Follicular or preoculatory phase
4. Secondary phase

248.End of menstrual cycle in old age is called? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Menarche
2. Abortion
3. Menopause
4. Telophase

249.During the menstrual cycle, after the female gamete is released from the ovary is ovulation, the remains of the follicle secrets: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Progesterone
2. FSH
3. LH
4. Testosterone

250.The major source of transmission of syphilis is: (MDCAT 2022)

1. blood transfusion
2. insect bite
3. contaminated water
4. sexual contact

251.Which of the following is a typical symptom of AIDS? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Sudden weight loss
2. Active immune function
3. Vision impairment
4. Kaposi's sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer

252.How can syphilis be transferred? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Sexual transmission
2. Fecal oral
3. Respiratory droplets
4. Injection

253.What is FALSE about cartilage? (MDCAT 2022)

1. there are many blood vessels in cartilage
2. it is a form of connective tissue
3. it covers the ends of the bones at joints
4. it is much softer than bone

254.The skeletal system consists of: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. All bones in body
2. All muscles and tendons
3. All body organs both soft and hard tissues
4. All the bones in the body and tissues that connect them

255.Which of the following is most abundant in human body: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Fibrous
2. Hyaline
3. Elastic
4. Flexible

256.Tricep muscles are: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Flexor muscles
2. Extensor muscles
3. Adductor muscles
4. Abductor muscles

257.Bicep muscles are: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Flexor muscles
2. Extensor muscles
3. Adductor muscles
4. Abductor muscles

258.Which of the following muscles are controlled by somatic nervous system: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. heart muscles
2. Skeletal muscles
3. Involuntary muscles
4. Smooth muscles

259.Which is incorrect for cardiac muscles? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Show involuntary control
2. Branched cells
3. Have no striations
4. Have intercalated disc

260.Cardiac muscles are the muscles of: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Aorta
2. Comary vein
3. Heart
4. Liver

261.Which one of the following is the character of Cardiac Muscles? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Made up of unstrained and branched cells
2. Voluntary in action
3. Self excitatory or myogenic
4. Striated and unbranched

262.Cardiac tissue is made up of : (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cardiac muscle
2. Smooth muscles
3. Skeletal muscles
4. Gut muscles

263.Smooth muscles are long and spindle-shaped with nucleus ---- per cell: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Many

264.Which of the following is NOT found in skeletal muscle fibres in humans? (MDCAT 2022)

1. multiple nuclei
2. multiple mitochondria
3. a large amount of myoglobin
4. a large amount of haemoglobin

265.Which of the following is the separation point between two sarcomere? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. H-zone
2. A-band
3. Z-line
4. M-line

266.Many sarcomere placed end to end and form a: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Muscle
2. Fiber
3. Myofibril
4. Muscle fiber

267.The composition of skeletal muscle is: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Myosin only
2. Actin only
3. Actin, myosin and troponin
4. Actin, myosin and tropomyosin

268.Which of the following is a muscle component that acts as a store of energy? (MDCAT 2022)

1. ATP
2. creatine phosphate
3. myoglobin
4. creatinine phosphate

269.Which event does not occur during muscle contraction: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. I-band shorten
2. A-band shortens
3. H-zone disappear
4. Z-lines move closer

270.A hinge joint is present between which of the following bones? (MDCAT 2022)

1. humerus and radio-ulna
2. femur and pectoral girdle
3. humerus and pectoral girdle
4. femur and pelvic girdle

271.Which type of joints are connected by dense, tough, connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Fibrous joints
2. Cartilaginous joints
3. Synovial Joints
4. Gomphosis joints

272.Name the joint that allows the skull to rotate on your spine. (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Hinge joint
2. Sliding joint
3. Fibrous joint
4. Pivotal Joint

273.The humerus makes a baII and socket joint with the: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Clavicle
2. Sternum
3. Innominate
4. Scapula

274.Hip joint is an example of: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Ball and socket joint
2. Hinge joint
3. Multistage joint
4. Cartilaginous Joints

275.What is the meaning of articulation? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Connections between Joints
2. Connections between cartilages
3. Connections between bones
4. Connections between muscles

276.Synovial cavity is filled with: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. blood
2. salts
3. synovial fluid
4. proteins

277.Hip Joint and shoulder joint are the examples of: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Ball and Socket Joint
2. Hinge Joint
3. Fibrous Joint
4. Cartilaginous Joints

278.Which of the following is an example of a joint called suture: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Intervertebral disc
2. Skull bone
3. Costal cartilage
4. Pubic symphysis

279.Septic arthritis is caused by: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Aging
2. Bacteria
3. Metabolic
4. Physical contact

280.Which of these is a type of arthritis that Is primarily due to aging? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Septic arthritis
2. Rheumatoid arthritis
3. Osteoarthritis
4. Rheumatoid and oesteoarthritis

281.A test cross is made to check the genotype of a trait. Which of the following crosses is a test cross? (MDCAT 2022)

1. unknown $\times$ Tt
2. unknown $\times$ tt
3. unknown $\times$ AB
4. unknown $\times$ TT

282.What is the ratio of homozygous dominant to homozygous recessive genotypes in F2 generation of monohybrid cross? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 1:1
2. 1:2
3. 1:3
4. 3:1

283.Relatives who have children together have a much higher risk of having children affected by: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Environmental condition
2. Dominant condition
3. Recessive condition
4. Undetected condition

284.If a heterozygous round pea plant is crossed with a wrinkled pea plant, what is the probability of homozygous phenotypes in the progeny? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 25%
2. 50%
3. 75%
4. 100%

285.The traits that show autosomal inheritance have: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Equal probabilty in both male and female individuaIs
2. Different probabilty in male and female indivi ual
3. More probabilty in male than female individuIs
4. More probabilty in female than male individuIs

286.Two phenotypically normal individuals have an affected child.What can we conclude about the parents? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Both parent carried the disease allele
2. Both parents are homozygous for their trait
3. They are not the parents of the child
4. No conclusion can be drawn

287.When Mendel conducted his experiments, he needed to transfer pollen grains from a male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ of the same plant. What is this process called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Cross pollination
2. Self polination
3. Hybridization
4. Test cross

288.Homozygous dominants are represented with a : (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Lower case letter
2. Roman numeral
3. Capital letter
4. Numerical value

289.The alternative form of a given gene is called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Trait
2. Phenotype
3. Allele
4. Genotype

290.Physical appearance of a trait is called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Genotype
2. Alleles
3. Phenotype
4. Genome

291.Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. A woman with albino father marries an albino man. What Is the probability of albinism in her children? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 25%
2. 50%
3. 75%
4. 100%

292.Phenotype represents: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Physical appereance of the trait
2. Genetic makeup of the trait
3. Normal trait
4. Mutant trait

293.Mendel’s idea that pair of characters separate during gamete formation is called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Law of particulate inheritance
2. Law of segregation
3. Law of dominance
4. Law of independant assortment

294.A test cross is performed: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Only with hybrids
2. Only with pure types
3. Only with recessives
4. To determine whether an organism Is heterozygous or homozygous dominant

295.What is the ratio of homozygous to heterozygous individuals in F2 generation of monohybrid cross? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 1 : 1
2. 1 : 2
3. 1 : 3
4. 3 : 1

296.To study sex linkage in Drosophila, Morgan mated white eyed males with wild type red eyed females. What will be the phenotype of the offspring? (MDCAT 2022)

1. all red eyed males and females
2. red eyed females and white eyed males
3. white eyed females and red eyed males
4. all white eyed females and males

297.The mode of inheritance in humans can be traced through: (MDCAT 2022)

1. experimental mating
2. chi square charts
3. pedigree analysis
4. probability analysis

298.Which of the following is a dominant x-linked trait in human? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Testicular feminization
2. Haemophllia
3. Colorblindness
4. Hypophosphatemic rickets

299.A diseased man marries a normal woman.They have five daughters and three sons.All the daughters were diseased and sons were normal. The gene of this disease is: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. X linked dominant
2. X-linked recessive
3. Autosomal recessive
4. Autosomal dominant

300.A man receives his X chromosome from: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. His mother only
2. Part from his father and part from his mother
3. His father only
4. Either his mother or his father, It depends upon luck

301.Which of the following is the wildtype phenotype of eye color in Drosophila (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Black eyes
2. White eyes
3. Light red eyes
4. Bright red eyes

302.Which of the following disease has greater incidence in human male than female? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Haemophilia
2. Cystic fibrosis
3. Thalassemia
4. Cretinism

303.Linkage reduces the frequency of: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Recombinants or hybrids
2. Parental phenotypes
3. Dominant homozygotes
4. Recessive homozygotes

304.Crossing over brings: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. recombination of genes
2. New trait into species
3. Reduction in number of chromosomes
4. Segregation of genes

305.One map unit is supposed to be equal to: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 1%recombination frequency
2. 5%recombination frequency
3. 10%recombination frequency
4. 15%recombination frequency

306.The medium through which exchange of material between blood and cells occurs is (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Interstitial fluid
2. Cytoplasm
3. Water
4. Lymph

307.Vena-Cava receives deoxygenated blood of kidney through : (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Hepatic vein
2. Renal vein
3. Subclavian vein
4. Renal artery

308.Iliac vein from the lower limb’s unite to form: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Vena cava
2. Renal vein
3. Hepatic portal vein
4. Cardiac vein

309.The lymphatic vessels of the body empty the lymph into the blood stream at the: (MDCAT 2022)

1. abdominal vein
2. jugular vein
3. subclavian vein
4. thoracic duct

310.Lacteals within the villi of the small intestine are a type of: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Blood capillaries
2. Arterioles
3. Lymph capillaries
4. Venules

311.Where do lymph capillaries end blindly? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Lymmph vessels
2. Tissues
3. Abdominal Cavity
4. Thoracic cavity

312.Backflow of lymph is prevented by : (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Breathing movement
2. Valves
3. Lymph nodes
4. Thoracic lymphatic duct

313.Which of the following vessels have larger intercellular spaces in their walls? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Lymph vessels
2. Blood capillaries
3. Arterioles
4. Venules

314.lymph vessels deposit the lymph into: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Blood capillaries
2. Veins
3. Arterioles
4. Lymph nodes

315.Heartbeat is normally regulated by: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Purkinje fibers
2. AV bundle
3. Sinoatrial node
4. Bundle of His

316.______ proteins are produced by white blood cells in response to ______ and provide immunity. (MDCAT 2022)

1. antibiotics, antigens
2. antibodies, red blood cells
3. globulins, histamine
4. antibodies, antigens

317.Human immunodeficiency virus attack which of the following cells for its multiplication? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Neutrophils
2. Macrophages
3. Cytotoxic T cells
4. Helper T cells

318.Which of the following provides long lasting protection against any infection? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity
3. Skin
4. Phagocytes

319.The method which helps in developing immunity against bacteria is: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Radiotherapy
2. Chemotherapy
3. Vaccination
4. Antibiotics

320.Which is not a mode of action of an antibody? (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Precipitating an antigen
2. Neutralizing an antigen
3. Secreting cytokines
4. Enhancing phagocytosis

321.Respiratory surfaces exhibit which characteristic? (MDCAT 2022)

1. it must be permeable
2. it must be thick for low diffusion
3. it should be non-vascularized
4. it should have a low surface area

322.The percentage of CO2 carried as carboxyhemoglobin is? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. 10
2. 15
3. 23
4. 28

323.Which one is a contagious disease (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. lung cancer
2. asthma
3. pulmonary tuberculosis
4. emphysema

324.Lungs are spongy due to the presence of million of? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Alveoli
2. Parabronchi
3. Air sacs
4. Bronchioles

325.The following part is common in both the digestive system and respiratory systems of human beings (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Trachea
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Oesophagus

326.Which of the following parts of the respiratory system has no cartilage? (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Larynx
2. Trachea
3. Bronchioles
4. Bronchi

327.Digested food from the intestine is carried to the liver by the: (MDCAT 2022)

1. hepatic artery
2. hepatic vein
3. hepatic portal vein
4. hepatic portal artery

328.Hunger contractions are of which type? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Antiperistalsis
2. Peristalsis
3. Voluntary
4. Involuntary

329.The salivary glands are present in: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Stomach
2. Pharynx
3. Buccal cavity
4. Pancreas

330.Incomplete or Imperfect digestion Is called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. anorexia
2. botulism
3. bulimia nervosa
4. Dyspepsia

331.Which of the following enzymes is absent in pancreatic juice? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. amylase
2. erepsin
3. lipase
4. trypsin

332.Concentration of bile Is the function of which body part? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Liver
2. Gall bladder
3. Pancreas
4. Stomach

333.A condition characterized by bouts of over eating fattening food is called: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. anorexia
2. botulism
3. bulimia nervosa
4. piles

334.Which cells protect the stomach wall by producing mucus? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. chief cells
2. mucus cells
3. zymogen cells
4. endocrine cells

335.Function of insulin: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Promoting hydrolysis of glycogen
2. Increasing the rate of fat breakdown
3. promoting conversion of glucose into protein
4. reduces blood glucose level

336.Which one is NOT a function of the large intestine: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Absorption of electrolytes
2. Absorption of water
3. Production of vitamins
4. Absorption of amino acids

337.Which type of enzyme would be most active in your gut after eating the loaf of bread? (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Amylase
2. Erypsin
3. Lactase
4. Carboxypeptidase

338.Enzymatic portion of the gastric juices secreted by which mucosal cells? (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Oxyntic cells
2. Chief cells
3. Mucus cells
4. Endocrine cells

339.The target cells of this hormone are present in kidney tubules: (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Aldosterone
2. Corticosterone
3. Cortisol
4. Noradrenaline

340.The mechanism of regulation, generally between organism and Its environment, of solutes and the gain and the loss of water is called? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Hemostasis
2. Homeostasis
3. Osmoregulation
4. Thermoregulation

341.The part of the brain which controls the body temperature in human beings is called: (NUMS MDCAT 2022)

1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Pones
4. Cerebellum

342.Which of the following fish drink large amount of seawater and excrete concentrated urine resulting in maximum salt excretion and minimal water loss? (PMC MDCAT 2022)

1. Hagfish
2. Freshwater fish
3. Bonyfish
4. Cartilaginous fishes